Dose-response, exposure-response, model comparison, Emax and sigmoidal Emax, bootstrap uncertainty, effect-compartment simulation, indirect response, target attainment, sensitivity analysis, project workspace, model versioning, audit trail, PDF/Word reports, deployed PK/PD API, clinical trial simulation, and decision dashboard.
Simulates virtual replicates from the fitted model plus residual noise, reporting 5th/50th/95th percentile prediction bands and observed-coverage diagnostics against the acceptance band. A simplified single-level VPC, not a full NLME simulation.
Instead of assuming ke0, fit it (plus Emax/EC50) directly to real observed effect-vs-time pairs via nonlinear least squares.
Effect plotted against effect-site concentration, traced over time -- a counterclockwise loop (as here) reveals the equilibration delay (hysteresis) between plasma exposure and observed effect, the classic PK-PD signature that plain PK plots can't show.